Our Operating Environment
The global economic picture
During the year under review, the echoes of the COVID-19 pandemic continued to impact economies around the globe worldwide. Just as the benefits of emerging from the crisis were becoming apparent, however, a new one established itself in the form of the war triggered with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This had an immediate impact on the supply of food and energy, increasing insecurity, with many developing countries particularly exposed. High inflation continued to affect disposable income globally, with the rising cost-of-living exacerbating poverty and economic pressure. With local weather patterns increasingly disrupted by global warming, heat waves, wildfires, floods, and hurricanes have triggered significant humanitarian and economic challenges, and in addition, the year saw a perceptible uptick in the possibility of a debt crisis in developing countries. The result has been a worsening of material prospects emanating from weaker external demand and tighter financing conditions in emerging economies, with economic activity and per-capita income growth forecast to be slow in direct proportion to levels of poverty.
Kenyan real gross domestic product (GDP) slowed down to 4.8% in 2022, compared to a revised growth of 7.6% in 2021, supported by service-oriented activities including Financial and Insurance (+12.8%), Information and Communication (+9.9%) and Transportation and Storage (+5.6%). During the year under review, economic growth was inhibited by a combination of global commodity prices, an extended regional drought, high interest rates and political uncertainty around the 2022 general elections. The influence of these factors was felt in Kenyan households, with the agriculture sector, which contributes significantly to GDP, contracting by 1.6% in 2022. The year also saw a rise in food insecurity, particularly in rural areas where food consumption had been reduced in over half of households by June 2022. Inflation had an additional impact, with a perceptible increase in the prices of essential food items, leaving many people unable to afford staples such as beans or maize. In an attempt to control this trend, the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) raised the Central Bank Rate (CBR) four times since March 2022, by a cumulative 250 basis points, ultimately pegging it at 9.50% as at March 2023. The following key steps characterised Kenyan economic conditions and remediating responses during 2022:
The Kenyan communications industry is aware of, and follows, global trends in the mobile eco-system. These include: